Veteran journalists Nicholas Gage, 84, and Nicholas Basbanes, 81, who live near each other in the same Massachusetts town, each devoted decades to reporting, writing and book authorship.
Gage poured his tragic family story and search for the truth about his mother’s death into a bestselling memoir that led John Malkovich to play him in the 1985 film “Eleni.” Basbanes transitioned his skills as a daily newspaper reporter into writing widely-read books about literary culture.
Basbanes was the first of the duo to try fiddling with AI chatbots, finding them impressive but prone to falsehoods and lack of attribution. The friends commiserated and filed their lawsuit earlier this year, seeking to represent a class of writers whose copyrighted work they allege “has been systematically pilfered by” OpenAI and its business partner Microsoft.
“It’s highway robbery,” Gage said in an interview in his office next to the 18th-century farmhouse where he lives in central Massachusetts.
I would love to hear your opinion on something I keep thinking about. There’s the whole idea that these LLMs are training on “available” data all over the internet, and then anyone can use the LLM and create something that could resemble the work of someone else. Then there’s the people calling it theft (in my opinion wrong from any possible angle of consideration) and those calling it fair use (I kinda lean more on this side). But then we have the side of compensation for authors and such, which would be great if some form for it would be found. Any one person can learn about the style of an author and imitate it without really copying the same piece of art. That person cannot be sued for stealing “style”, and it feels like the LLM is basically in the same area of creating content. And authors have never been compensated for someone imitating them.
So… What would make the case of LLMs different? What are good points against it that don’t end up falling into the “stealing content” discussion? How to guarantee authors are compensated for their works? How can we guarantee that a company doesn’t order a book (or a reading with your voice in the case of voice actors, or pictures and drawings, …) and then reproduces the same content without you not having to pay you? How can we differentiate between a synthetic voice trained with thousand of voices but not the voice of person A but creates a voice similar to that of A against the case of a company “stealing” the voice of A directly? I feel there’s a lot of nuances here and don’t know what or how to cover all of it easily and most discussion I read are just “steal vs fair use” only.
Can this only end properly with a full reform of copyright? It’s not like authors are nowadays very well protected either. Publishers basically take their creation to be used and abused without the author having any say in it (like in the case of spot if unpublished a artists relationship and payment agreements).
So, I’ve drafted two replies to this so far and this is the third.
I tried addressing your questions individually at first, but if I connect the dots, I think you’re really asking something like:
I think the answer is either “no”, or maybe “yes – with an asterisk” depending on how you feel about the following argument…
Comprehensive legal frameworks based on rules for proper behavior are fertile ground for big tech exploitation.
As soon as you create objective guidelines for what constitutes employment vs. contracting, you get the gig economy with Uber and DoorDash reaping as many of the boss-side benefits of an employment relationship as possible while still keeping their tippy-toes just outside the border of legally crossing into IRS employee-misclassification territory.
A preponderance of landlords directly messaging each other with proposed rent increases is obviously conspiracy to manipulate the market. If they all just happen to subscribe to RealPage’s algorithmic rent recommendation services and it somehow produces the same external effect, that should shield you from antitrust accusations – for a while at least – right?
The DMCA provisions against tampering with DRM mechanisms was supposed to just discourage removing copyright protections. But instead it’s become a way to limit otherwise legitimate functionality, because to work around the artificial limitation would incidentally require violating the DMCA. And thus, subscriptions for heated seats are born.
This is how you end up with copyright – a legal concept originally aimed at keeping publishers well-behaved – being used against consumers in the first place. When copyright was invented, you needed to invest some serious capital before the concept of “copying” as a daily activity even entered your mind. But computers make an endless amount of copies as a matter of their basic operation.
So I don’t think that we can solve any of this (the new problems or the old ones) with a sweeping, rule-based mechanism, as much as my programmer brain wants to invent one.
That’s the “no”.
The “yes – with an asterisk” is that maybe we don’t need to use rules.
Maybe we just establish ways in which harms may be perpetrated, and we rely on judges and juries to determine whether the conduct was harmful or not.
Case law tends to come up with objective tests along the way, but crucially those decisions can be reviewed as the surrounding context evolves. You can’t build an exploitative business based on the exact wording of a previous court decision and say “but you said it was legal” when the standard is to not harm, not to obey a specific rule.
So that’s basically my pitch.
Don’t play the game of “steal vs. fair use”, cuz it’s a trap and you’re screwed with either answer.
Don’t codify fair play, because the whole game that big tech is playing is “please define proper behavior so that I can use a fractal space-filling curve right up against that border and be as exploitative as possible while ensuring any rule change will deal collateral damage to stuff you care about”.
–
Okay real quick, the specifics:
Allow them serious weaponry, and don’t allow industry players to become juggernauts. Support labor rights wherever you can, and support ruthless antitrust enforcement.
I don’t think data-dignity/data-dividend is the answer, cuz it’s playing right into that “rules are fertile ground for exploitation” dynamic. I’m in favor of UBI, but I don’t think it’s a complete answer, especially to this.
First of all, it’s not. Anthropomorphizing large-scale statistical output is a dangerous thing. It is not “learning” the artist’s style any more than an MP3 encoder “learns” how to play a song by being able to reproduce it with sine waves.
(For now, this is an objective fact: AIs are not “learning”, in any sense at all close to what people do. At some point, this may enter into the realm of the mind-body problem. As a neutral monist, I have a philosophical escape hatch when we get there. And I agree with Searle when it comes to the physicalists – maybe we should just pinch them to remind them they’re conscious.)
But more importantly: laws are for people. They’re about what behavior we endorse as acceptable in a healthy society. If we had a bunch of physically-augmented cyborgs really committed to churning out duplicative work to the point where our culture basically ground to a halt, maybe we would review that assumption that people can’t be sued for stealing a style.
More likely, we’d take it in stride as another step in the self-criticizing tradition of art history. In the end, those cyborgs could be doing anything at all with their time, and the fact that they chose to spend it duplicating art instead of something else at least adds something interesting to the cultural conversation, in kind of a Warhol way.
Server processes are a little bit different, in that there’s not really a personal opportunity cost there. So even the cyborg analogy doesn’t quite match up.
Yeah, the Her/Scarlett Johansson situation? I don’t think there really is (or should be) a legal issue there, but it’s pretty gross to try to say-without-saying that this is her voice.
Obviously, they were trying to be really coy about it in this case, without considering that their technology’s main selling point is that it fuzzes things to the point where you can’t tell if they’re lying about using her voice directly or not. I think that’s where they got more flak than if they were any other company doing the same thing.
But skipping over that, supposing that their soundalike and the speech synthesis process were really convincing (they weren’t), would it be a problem that they tried to capitalize on Scarlett/Her without permission? At a basic level, I don’t think so. They’re allowed to play around with culture the same as anyone else, and it’s not like they were trying to undermine her ability to sell her voice going forward.
Where it gets weird is if you’re able to have it read you erotic fan faction as Scarlett in a convincing version of her voice, or use it to try to convince her family that she’s been kidnapped. I think that gets into some privacy rights, which are totally different from economics, and that could probably be a whole nother essay.
Well damn, thank you so much for the answer. That has gone well and beyond what I’d have called a great answer.
First of all I just wanted to acknowledge the time you put into it, I just read it and in order to make a meaningful answer for discussion I probably need to read your comment a couple more times, and consider my own perspective on those topics, and also study a few drops of information you gave where sincerely you lost me :D (being a neutral monist, and about Searle and such, I need to study a bit that area). So, I want to give an adequate response to you as well and I’ll need some time for that, but before anything, thanks for the conversation, I didn’t want to wait to say that later on.
Also, worth mentioning that you did hit the nail in the head when you summed up all my rambling into a coherent one question/topic. I keep debating myself about how I can support creators while also appreciating the usefulness of a tool such as LLMs that can help me create things myself that I couldn’t before. There has to be a balance somewhere there… (Fellow programmer brain here trying to solve things like if you are debugging software, no doubt the wrong perspective for such a complex context).
UBI is definitely a goal to be achieved that could help in many ways, just like a huge reform of copyright would also be necessary to remove all the predators that are already abusing creators by taking their legal rights on the content created.
The point you make of anthropomorphizing LLMs is absolutely a key point, in fact I avoid all I can mentioning AI because I believe it muddles the waters so much more than it should (but it’s a great way of selling the software). For me it goes the other way actually and I wonder how different we are from an LLM (oversimplifying much…) in the methods we apply to create something and where’s the line of being creative vs depending on previous things experienced and basing our creation in previous things.
Anyway, that starts getting a bit too philosophical, which can be fun but less practical. Respecting your other comment, I do indeed follow Doctorow, it’s fascinating how much he writes, and how clear he can expose ideas. It’s tough to catch up with him at times with so much content. I also got his books in the last humble bundle, so happy to buy books without DRM… I’ll try to think a bit more these days on these topics and see what I can come up with. I don’t want to continue rambling like a madman without setting some order to my own thoughts first. Anyway, thanks for the interesting conversation.