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Joined 11 months ago
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Cake day: July 27th, 2023

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  • This is a use-after-free, which should be impossible in safe Rust due to the borrow checker. The only way for this to happen would be incorrect unsafe code (still possible, but dramatically reduced code surface to worry about) or a compiler bug. To allocate heap space in safe Rust, you have to use types provided by the language like Box, Rc, Vec, etc. To free that space (in Rust terminology, dropping it by using drop() or letting it go out of scope) you must be the owner of it and there may be current borrows (i.e. no references may exist). Once the variable is droped, the variable is dead so accessing it is a compiler error, and the compiler/std handles freeing the memory.

    There’s some extra semantics to some of that but that’s pretty much it. These kind of memory bugs are basically Rust’s raison d’etre - it’s been carefully designed to make most memory bugs impossible without using unsafe. If you’d like more information I’d be happy to provide!





    1. This is the first administration in decades to take antitrust and consumer protections seriously
    2. The DoJ Antitrust Division has been very busy this term. See the assistant AG’s Wikipedia for some details
    3. Taylor Swift

    If you haven’t been keeping up with US antitrust litigation this year this would seem a little out of the blue, but the DoJ and FTC have been, at least comparatively, knocking it out of the park under Biden.

    For more information, the term for the more corporation-friendly philosophy that’s been dominant since roughly sometime in the 90s is the “Chicago School of economics”. The Chicago School’s ideas on antitrust are pretty ridiculous:

    • If a merger won’t result in immediate price increases or output decreases, it is generally considered acceptable. There is little concern for long-term effects.
    • There is consideration for the intent of a merger. Lack of evidence of an intent to monopolize is given serious consideration in determining whether antitrust law applies.
    • The argument that mergers result in increased efficiency through scale is generally given more weight than concerns about market consolidation.
    • There is a general assumption that, if a company does become monopolistic, the market will self-correct. The idea is that new entrants to a market segment or other competitive forces will act as a natural corrective agent.

    The Biden administration marks the beginning of a move away from the Chicago School. In particular, as far as I’m aware, Lina Khan (chair of the FTC) and Jonathan Kanter (head of the DoJ Antitrust Division) are very bullish on antitrust enforcement. One recent example of the progress was the ban on non-competes by the FTC, which indirectly acts as an antitrust measure.

    Edit: You can see from my outline of Chicago School antitrust philosophy that it’s inherently contradictory. There’s an emphasis on allowing mergers, but there’s also a belief that market entrants will stop monopolies. We’ve repeatedly seen over the past couple decades that, when a company tries to enter a monopolized market segment, the monopoly will merge with the entrant at any cost. It would be funny if it hadn’t caused serious harm. See: grocery prices (especially in Canada with their duopoly).




  • As spacecraft reenter the atmosphere from orbital speeds, they’re going so fast that the atmosphere is compressed enough (and so gets hot enough) to free the electrons from the atoms in the air. This forms plasma. The special thing here is that we got live video during this portion of reentry; the free electrons in plasma heavily interfere with radio communications, so in previous missions there has been a full communications blackout at that time. Starship did not experience that blackout, which is unique. I’m not qualified to say exactly why, but the team was stressing that Starship is big enough that it “punches a hole through the atmosphere”. Another factor could be the 4(?) starlink terminals on the leeward side providing redundant communications signals.



  • I was very intrigued by a follow-up to the recent numberphile video about divergent series. It was a return to the idea that the sum of the integers greater than zero can be assigned the value -1/12. There were some places this could be used, but as far as I know it was viewed as shaky math by a lot of experts.

    As far as I recall the story goes something like this: now, using a new technique Terrence Tao found, a team was seemingly able to “fix” previous infinities in quantum field theory - there’s a certain way to make at least some divergent series work out to being a real number, and the presenter proposed that this can be explained as the universe “protecting us” from the infinities inherent in the math.

    It made me think about other places infinities show up in modern physics (namely, singularities in general relativity) and whether a technique something like this could “solve” them without a whole new framework like string theory is.




  • The issue is that, in the function passed to reduce, you’re adding each object directly to the accumulator rather than to its intended parent. These are the problem lines:

    if (index == array.length - 1) {
    	accumulator[val] = value;
    } else if (!accumulator.hasOwnProperty(val)) {
    	accumulator[val] = {}; // update the accumulator object
    }
    

    There’s no pretty way (that I can think of at least) to do what you want using methods like reduce in vanilla JS, so I’d suggest using a for loop instead - especially if you’re new to programming. Something along these lines (not written to be actual code, just to give you an idea):

    let curr = settings;
    const split = url.split("/");
    for (let i = 0; i < split.length: i++) {
        const val = split[i];
        if (i != split.length-1) {
            //add a check to see if curr[val] exists
            let next = {};
            curr[val] = next;
            curr = next;
        }
        //add else branch
    }
    

    It’s missing some things, but the important part is there - every time we move one level deeper in the URL, we update curr so that we keep our place instead of always adding to the top level.